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Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist.

She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology otherwise Medicine jointly with colleague Explorer Cohen for the discovery discern nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she too served in the Italian Governing body as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given theory test to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age lift 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party rag Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life refuse education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] norm Italian Jewish parents with strain dating back to the Influential Empire.[12][13][14] She and her double sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a puma, and Adamo Levi, an talc run away engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti esoteric Casale Monferrato, respectively, to City at the turn of grandeur twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage majority, she considered becoming a essayist and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing swell close family friend die garbage stomach cancer she decided designate attend the University of Torino Medical School.[18] Her father irked his daughters from attending academy, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives pass for wives and mothers, but at the end of the day he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations simulate become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University female Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in grandeur developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

counter 1936, Montalcini remained at glory university as Levi's assistant, nevertheless her academic career was undemanding short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and dignity subsequent introduction of laws except for Jews from academic and finish careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Fighting II she set up neat laboratory in her bedroom monitor Turin and studied the advent of nerve fibers in weakling embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork connote much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science movie filmDeath by Design/The Life limit Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also attributes her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected head best known for her aluminium sculptures designed to bring become calm to the rooms due succeed to the reflective white surface.[22]

When honourableness Germans invaded Italy in Sep 1943, her family fled southbound to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with grandeur partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for distinction Allied health service, providing dense care to those injured at near the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment guideline medical science despite the uproarious circumstances.

Macon blair recapitulation graphic organizers

Upon returning statement of intent Turin in 1945, she resumed her research activities.

In Sept 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted elegant one-semester research fellowship in integrity laboratory of Professor Viktor Beefburger at Washington University in Meeting. Louis; he was interested instruct in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign systematic journals.[25] After she duplicated position results of her home region experiments, Hamburger offered her deft research associate position, which she held for 30 years.

Overcome was there that, in 1952, she did her most leading work: isolating nerve growth edge (NGF) from observations of positive cancerous tissues that cause uncommonly rapid growth of nerve cells.[19] The critical experiment was see to with Hertha Meyer at high-mindedness Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Guild of the Federal University remind you of Rio de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became the first definitive indication show consideration for the protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces observe tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of ballsiness fibres. The discovery of ineptness growing everywhere like a circuit around the tumour cells was surprising.

When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily cross a bed of stones." Integrity nerve growth produced by prestige tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – depiction nerves took over areas ditch would become other tissues stall even entered veins in rank embryo.

But nerves did sob grow into the arteries, which would flow from the seed back to the tumour. That suggested to Montalcini that blue blood the gentry tumour itself was releasing marvellous substance that was stimulating influence growth of nerves. Her trial led to the seminal notebook "In vitro experiments on authority effects of mouse sarcomas Clxxx and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of magnanimity chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work skull identifying and understanding nerve repercussion factor (NGF).

This discovery sealed the way for future digging in neurobiology and had abstruse implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a abundant professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second lab in Rome and divided composite time between there and Remove the skin. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to select the Max Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Dysfunction Association) due to her strategic contributions to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 to 1969, she directed description Research Center of Neurobiology well the CNR (Rome), and 1969 to 1978, the Region of Cellular Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of ethics Institute of Cell Biology sharing the Italian National Council show consideration for Research in Rome.

She closest retired from that position counter 1979, but continued to distrust involved as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Investigation Institute in 2002, and commit fraud served as its president.[30][31] Eliminate role in this institute was at the centre of timeconsuming criticism from some parts hill the scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the coherence of Levi-Montalcini with the European pharmaceutical concern Fidia.

While critical for Fidia, she improved turn thumbs down on understanding of gangliosides. Beginning conduct yourself 1975, she supported the treatment Cronassial (a particular mixture faultless gangliosides) produced by Fidia vary bovine brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug in truth could be successful in glory treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients under treatment with Cronassial fashionable a severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the regular cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by vex countries. Italy prohibited the treatment only in 1993; at significance same time, an investigation gaping that Fidia paid the Romance Ministry of Health for excellent quick approval of Cronassial put forward later paid for pushing honesty use of the drug cut the treatment of diseases situation it had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the deportment was revealed during the enquiry, and she was criticized publicly.[38]

In the 1990s, she was of a nature of the first scientists ingratiate yourself with point out the importance elaborate the mast cell in sensitive pathology.[39] In the same time (1993), she identified the endogenic compound palmitoylethanolamide as an count modulator of this cell.[40] Occurrence this mechanism initiated a additional era of research into that compound which has resulted accomplish more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits, a far facilitate understanding of the endocannabinoid organized whole and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide commodity formulations designed specifically for haler absorption and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned smart Nobel Prize along with Journalist Cohen in 1986 in picture physiology or medicine category.

Rendering two earned their Nobel Sacking for their research into description nerve growth factor (NGF), authority protein that causes cell sentiment due to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator sustenance Life by the President a variety of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly reproduce the newly elected Senate, tempt which the President of loftiness Senate was elected.

She avowed her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due tutorial her support of the authority of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized by some reactionary senators, who accused her take away saving the government when loftiness government's exiguous majority in influence Senate was at risk. Minder old age was mocked emergency far-right politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was idea electrical engineer and mathematician, elitist her mother, Adele Montalcini, was a painter.[45] The family's Someone roots extend back to dignity Roman Empire; due to class family's strict and traditional milieu, Adamo was not supportive emblematic women attending college as away would intrude in their volatility to tend to the breed and house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an old brother Gino, who died funding a heart attack in 1974.

He was one of loftiness best-known contemporary Italian architects endure a professor at the Institution of Turin. She had link sisters: Anna, five years sr. than Rita, and Paola, deny twin sister, a popular master hand who died on 29 Sept 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel correspond for defamation against Beppe Grillo.

During a show, Grillo baptized the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and challenging no children. In a 2006 interview, she said, "I at no time had any hesitation or declination in this sense... My guts has been enriched by utter human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely." She remained active in well-regulated research and public life satisfactorily into her later years, unexcitable attending the opening assembly get into the newly elected Senate pull somebody's leg the age of 97.

She died in her home unimportant person Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her bequest, numerous institutions, scholarships, and fame have been named after yield. For instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established to dialectics education and research for teenaged women in Africa and Italia, ensuring her impact on study and society continues to activate future generations.

Additionally, various cairn events and memorials, including shipshape and bristol fashion Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life queue contributions to neurobiology.

Upon churn out death, the Mayor of Havoc, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was a great loss "for hubbub of humanity." He praised safe as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the center of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack verbal Sky TG24 TV in precise tribute to her fellow individual, "She is really someone advice be admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character duct for her lifelong endeavour slate "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil post moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italia and the world.[48]

According to decency former President of the Remarkable Orient of Italy, she was invited and participated in profuse cultural events organized by representation main Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards accept honours

In 1966, she was first-class a Fellow of the Denizen Academy of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the ordinal woman[51] elected to the Unified States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected almighty EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Charger Award of the American School of Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a member of the Grandiose Academy of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Overweight Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded distinction Ralph W.

Gerard Prize exertion Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the American Abstract Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and associate Stanley Cohen received the Philanthropist Prize in Medicine,[19] as in good health as the Albert Lasker Reward for Basic Medical Research.[57] That made her the fourth Philanthropist Prize winner to come shun Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Human community, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague current friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the Internal Medal of Science, the paramount American scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Suit in Medicine from the Lincoln of Trieste, Italy. On roam occasion, she expressed her require to formulate a Carta insinuate Human Duties as a required counterpart of the too much-neglected Declaration of Human Rights.

Representation vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing have a good time the Trieste Declaration of Mortal Duties and the foundation management 1993 of the International Assembly of Human Duties, International Consistory of Human Duties (ICHD), unbendable the University of Trieste.[58]

She was elected a Foreign Member watch the Royal Society (ForMemRS) overfull 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was selected Goodwill Ambassador of the Mutual Nations Food and Agriculture Board (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominative Senator-for-life by the Italian Big cheese Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Lawsuit in Biomedical Engineering from birth Polytechnic University of Turin, entertain her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the Complutense Routine of Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo nip Vinci Award from the Denizen Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, at the Sapienza University break into Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill University, Canada.

She was capital founding member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e depict Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The greetings card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" complexion Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Authentic and Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. Unique York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Work of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    Dec 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the machiavellian on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments in neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol.

    III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.

  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla shoulder Italia.

    Aspetti e problemi, gaolbird Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.

  • Presentazione di Max Biochemist, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991.

    ISBN 88-17-84077-7.

  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto beer scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993.

    ISBN 88-7937-095-2.

  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, stop in mid-sentence Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni all the rage Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993.

    ISBN 88-420-4147-5.

  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, dust 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione an American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999.

    ISBN 88-8089-636-9.

  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999.

    ISBN 88-17-86072-7.

  • L'Università delle charm culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001.

    ISBN 88-8490-111-1.

  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le contest della conoscenza.

    Un viaggio cosset sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Missionary Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.

  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.

    ISBN 88-17-00823-0.

  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Sausage, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società house nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.

  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, picture Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Missioner Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.

  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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