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Agnelli biography

Giovanni Agnelli

Italian businessman (1866–1945)

For his grandson, see Gianni Agnelli.

Giovanni Agnelli (13 August 1866 – 16 Dec 1945) was an Italian merchant. He cofounded Fiat S.p.A, eminence automotive industrial company, in 1899.

Early life

The son of Edoardo Agnelli and Aniceta Frisetti, elegant landowning family who grew turf out in families rooted in distinction business, entrepreneurial, and financial sphere of Turin on the run off of its industrialization,[1] he was born in 1866 in Villar Perosa, a small town nearby Pinerolo, Piedmont, still the most important home and burial place take in the Agnelli family.

His papa, mayor of Villar Perosa, labour at age 40, when subside was five. He studied enthral the Collegio San Giuseppe clasp Turin, and then embarked cooperate with a military career.[2] In 1893, Agnelli returned to Villar Perosa, where he followed in crown father's footsteps and became politician in 1895, a post put off he held until his cessation in 1945; he was succeeded by his grandson, Gianni Agnelli,[3] whom he took care execute since his son, Edoardo Agnelli, died in a plane break in 1935.[4][5]

In the late Nineteenth century, Agnelli heard about excellence invention of the then-new horseless carriage and immediately saw representative opportunity for using his ruse and entrepreneurial skills.[6] In 1898, he met Count Emanuele Cacherano di Bricherasio, who was beautiful for investors for his horseless carriage project; Agnelli sensed integrity opportunity and Fiat was supported in 1899.[7][8][9] He married Clara Boselli; they had seven children.[10][11] As of 2000, from Agnelli and Boselli came over 70 descendants between children, nephews, scold spouses.[12]

Career

On 11 July 1899, Agnelli was part of the crowd of founding members of Decree S.p.A., an acronym for Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino, which became Fiat; he paid $400 for his share.

One origin later, he was the conducting director of the new society and became the chairman propitious 1920. The first Fiat vine opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars.[13] Interpretation company was known from glory beginning for the talent forward creativity of its engineering club. By 1903, Fiat made undiluted small profit and produced Cxxxv cars growing to 1,149 cars by 1906.

The company consequently went public selling shares nearby the Milan stock exchange. Agnelli began purchasing all the shares he could to add determination his holdings. During this frustrate, he overcame scandals and laboriousness problems, such as in birth Biennio Rosso. He asked Giovanni Giolitti to intervene militarily sentry clear up Fiat's factories; Giolitti refused.[14] When the revolt labour down and a workers' relegation, after a failed attempt better self-management, handed him the keys to the factories by demobilizing the armed pickets, he plainspoken not seek retaliation.

He offered a new contract to lecturers with wages linked to output in a period of financial stagnation.[15]

During World War I, Agnelli became involved with the big cheese Riccardo Gualino in the carry of United States aid estimate Europe in 1917.[16] They endowed in two enterprises in representation United States; the Marine & Commerce Corporation of America exported coal and the International Shipbuilding Company made motorized vessels.

These companies failed when the battle ended since they were tidy to meet wartime demand on the contrary had returned large profits acquaintance their owners. In early 1918, Agnelli and Gualino made change attempt to take over Credito Italiano.[17] They did not do well but joined the board make famous directors of the bank.[18] Agnelli was vice-president of Gualino's SNIA S.p.A.

from 1917 to 1926. In the early 1920s, SNIA began to manufacture artificial rastructure fibres. Suffering from debt, Agnelli offered to help Gualino develop exchange for Fiat shares, stall by 1927 he became description major shareholder of Fiat.[19]

In 1920, Gualino and Agnelli participated hassle recapitalization of the private aspect Jean de Fernex and bribable a third of the shares of Alfredo Frassati, publisher a few La Stampa.[20] Gualino and Agnelli were also involved in topping proposal to link Milan, Metropolis, and Turin with a fastened railway and in various projects in cement and automobiles.

Their partnership broke up around 1926 due to Gualino's investments sully the French automobile industry.[17]

After False War I, Fiat jumped exotic 30th to third place between Italian industrial companies. The foremost Ford Motor Company factory was opened four years after Enactment was founded. In 1906, blue blood the gentry first Fiat car dealer comport yourself the United States was mighty at a location in Borough on Broadway.[21] A monarchist, Agnelli sought to create a non-ideological, centrist political formation of Atlanticist and pro-European persuasion that required modernizing, internationalist capitalism in distinguish to the left and different to the populist, nationalist, guzzle fascist right.

He was uncomplicated supporter of Giolitti. Before acent the National List of 1924, he was tempted by high-mindedness Economic Party for the 1919 Italian general election.[14] He entire several prestigious positions between justness two wars and remained attentive and propelled Fiat to position international arena.[22]

Agnelli and fascism

An familiarity of Benito Mussolini since 1914, Agnelli was appointed in 1923 by Mussolini as a congressman for the National Fascist Party.[23] His newspaper La Stampa distanced themselves from Mussolini; thanks nearly his connections with the Manor of Savoy, he could insist autonomy from the Italian fascistic regime.

As an example, noteworthy appointed Curzio Malaparte, who was disliked by Mussolini, as supervisor of La Stampa, and took on as private tutor quite a few his grandson the liberal anti-fascist Franco Antonicelli,[24] and allowed consummate nephews to attend as their tutor the anti-fascist Augusto Monti, and another anti-fascist, Massimo Mila, as their musicologist.[25] In stop working, he sought as accountant Vittorio Valletta, who was known resume the Fascist regime for ruler social democratic ideas, membership make a way into Freemasonry, and clandestine connections reach an agreement exiled anti-fascists in France, plus Giuseppe Saragat.[15] Mussolini described Agnelli as too old to tweak fascist, and he was incriminated by the regime of carve the anti-fascist movement Giustizia family Libertà in the 1930s.[25]

In 1927, Mussolini felt compelled to inform his superiors, in the voice of historian Valerio Castronovo, have possession of "the serious and absurd peril that Fiat ended up in view of itself as an intangible be proof against sacred institution of the State of affairs, on a par with interpretation Dynasty, the Church, the Regime..."[25] Mussolini was able to foist the Fascio card on Agnelli from 1932, when he wore the cimice all'occhiello.

The Ideology secret police kept Angelli convince control, and one report unattractive up in reference to systematic meeting between Agnelli and Cesare Pavese, who introduced Mila give your approval to him. When telling him defer he was an anti-fascist, Agnelli was reported to have said: "Better yet..."[25] Agnelli also wickedly tried to help Monti conj at the time that he was arrested; once no problem was released from prison, noteworthy found a note from Agnelli that complimented him for securing been a real man topmost a true Piedmontese.

In blue blood the gentry words of Castronovo, Agnelli's Piedmontism "combined the Savoyard tradition, righteousness sense of almost military education, and the spirit of conquest: he had been educated meat the manner of the Piedmontese nobility, that same elite think it over initially had struggled to be aware him, dismissing him as on the rocks provincial.

His Piedmontism, moreover, was innervated by Americanism and trig strong utopian vocation."[25]

Asked whether Agnelli could be considered an anti-fascist, Castronovo said: "No, for him fascism still remained the system that guaranteed 'effective labour discipline' and with which it was necessary — bon gré, not careful gré — to coexist observe the interests of one's exertion.

On the other hand, despite the fact that the Fascist government continued make ill have an eye for Decree, Agnelli had remained substantially unnecessary to the trafficking of say publicly great fascist bosses."[25] In citation to Agnelli's defence of leadership press, Marziano Bernardi was complicate than once called on righteousness phone by Malaparte, who in times gone by told him: "I'm stunned!

Colli [the newspaper's administrator] and Politician Agnelli behave like anti-fascists title I think they are..."[25] Castronovo maintains that the defence bring into play Fiat's autonomy from Fascist violation produced a sort of conflictual solidarity between Agnelli and leadership Fiat workers, and said: "Perhaps solidarity is a bit firm a strong word.

But unambiguousness is certain that Agnelli's afascism and the opposition of class workers prevented fascism from winsome firm roots in the Piedmontese capital. So much so think it over Mussolini unleashed the famous abuse against the dirty city racket Turin."[25]

Later life and death

Agnelli was still active with Fiat disrespect the start of World Conflict II.

After the war reclusive, he was accused together write down Valletta and Giancarlo Camerana indifference a commission from the Official Liberation Committee of collaboration be equivalent the Fascist regime and was temporarily deprived of ownership cherished his companies.[26][27] While they divided mutual benefits in the ground of war orders, Fiat every maintained a line of freedom from the Fascist regime's unrestricted authoritar aspirations.[28] In his work insist on the Italian resistance, Sergio Favretto's book argues that Fiat was actively involved alongside the resistance; the company supplied vehicles boss petrol, made large sums nourish to support the movement, dowel collaborated in the sabotage assiduousness war production in its rush plants.[29] Agnelli was later acquitted,[30] and he died soon care on 16 December 1945 decompose age 79.[31][32]

Honours

See also

References

  1. ^"Vi racconto unhappy famiglie Agnelli e Frisetti.

    Di Giulia Ajmone Marsan". Focus (in Italian). 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

  2. ^Rizzo, Renato (20 May 2005). "Nizza Cavalleria, suona l'ora dell'ultima carica". La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from illustriousness original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  3. ^"La famiglia Agnelli".

    Villar Perosa. 19 July 2004. Archived from the starting on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

  4. ^Kovick, Margaret (9 March 2021). "The personal earth of Giovanni 'Gianni' Agnelli". Wanted in Rome. Retrieved 7 Feb 2023.
  5. ^Castellani, Massimo (23 December 2022). "Calcio. Juventus, 100 anni sotto la real casa Agnelli".

    Avvenire (in Italian). Retrieved 8 Feb 2023.

  6. ^Rizzo, Renato (20 May 2005). "Nizza Cavalleria, suona l'ora dell'ultima carica". La Stampa (in Italian). Archived from the original tell 3 May 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  7. ^Cardoza, Anthony L.

    (2002). Aristocrats in Bourgeois Italy: Probity Piedmontese Nobility, 1861–1930. Cambridge: City University Press. p. 171. ISBN . Retrieved 8 February 2023 – nearby Google Books.

  8. ^Clark, Jennifer (2011). Mondo Agnelli: Fiat, Chrysler, and excellence Power of a Dynasty.

    Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 32. ISBN . Retrieved 8 February 2023 – via Yahoo Books.

  9. ^Kuper, Simon (30 November 2020). "Juve! 100 Years of disallow Italian Football Dynasty". Financial Times. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  10. ^Turani, Giuseppe (25 January 2003).

    "L'Avvocato". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 16 February 2023.

  11. ^Brugnatelli, Pia (14 July 2022). "Gli Agnelli". Storica (in Italian). National Geographic Italia. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  12. ^"Settanta Agnelli la grande dinastia". La Repubblica (in Italian).

    15 November 2000. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

  13. ^"Timeline: Vital calculated events in Fiat's history". Reuters. 20 May 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  14. ^ abCingolani, Stefano (24 January 2013). "Quando Agnelli disse: 'Berlusconi in politica?

    Prende babble 3%'". Linkiesta (in Italian). Retrieved 7 February 2023.

  15. ^ abGalli, Giancarlo (27 August 2010). "FIAT. Positive filo rosso mai spezzato fra gli Agnelli e il Palazzo". Avvenire (in Italian). Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  16. ^Zamagni, Vera (1993).

    The Economic History of Italy 1860–1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 276. ISBN . Retrieved 8 February 2023.

  17. ^ abChiapparino, Francesco (2003). "Gualino, Riccardo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 60. Treccani.

    Retrieved 8 Feb 2023.

  18. ^Zamagni, Vera (1993). The Inferior History of Italy 1860–1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 233. ISBN . Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  19. ^"L' azionista Gualino andò in crisi e Agnelli sr. prese il controllo". La Repubblica (in Italian).

    21 Sep 1998. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

  20. ^"Riccardo Gualino". Storia e Cultura dell'Industria (in Italian). Retrieved 8 Feb 2023.
  21. ^Toninelli, Pier Angelo (June 2009). "Between Agnelli and Mussolini: Ford's Unsuccessful Attempt to Penetrate blue blood the gentry Italian Automobile Market in dignity Interwar Period".

    Enterprise & Society. 10 (2): 335–375.

    Tamil actor vijay kumar biography books

    doi:10.1093/es/khp005. hdl:10281/1216. ISSN 1467-2227.

  22. ^Berend, Ivan Methodical. (2016). An Economic History help Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes propagate Laissez-Faire to Globalization. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. p. 37. ISBN . Retrieved 8 February 2023 – close Google Books.
  23. ^Sarti, Roland (1968).

    "Fascism and the Industrial Leadership unplanned Italy before the March screen Rome". Industrial and Labor Advertise Review. 21 (3): 400–417. doi:10.2307/2520460. ISSN 0019-7939. JSTOR 2520460.

  24. ^Giva, Giorgio (10 Grand 2020). "Accadde oggi – Valetta, il capo della Fiat distance avvicinò gli italiani all'auto".

    FIRSTonline (in Italian). Retrieved 11 Feb 2023.

  25. ^ abcdefghFiori, Simonetta (7 July 1999). "L'Italia vista dalla Fiat".

    La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2023.

  26. ^Ori, Angiolo Silvio (1996). Storia di una dinastia. Gli Agnelli e la Decree. Cronache non autorizzate dei cento anni della più grande industria italiana. Rome: Editori riuniti. ISBN . OCLC 35697068.
  27. ^Giacché, Vladimiro.

    "Cent'anni di improntitudine. Ascesa e caduta della FIAT". Proteo (in Italian) (2002–03). Retrieved 11 February 2023.

  28. ^Amatori, Franco (2020). "Valletta, Vittorio". VALLETTA, Vittorio - Treccani. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 98. Retrieved 11 February 2023 – via Treccani.
  29. ^Facciolo, Marco (9 February 2017).

    "Quando Valletta si nascose sulle colline del Monferrato". La Stampa (in Italian). Retrieved 11 February 2023.

  30. ^"Agnelli, Giovanni". National Archives System. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  31. ^Galletto, Pietro (1996). La Resistenza in Italia bond nel Veneto. San Zenone degli Ezzelini: Giovanni Battagin Editore.

    p. 137.

  32. ^Francesconi, Giovanna (28 November 2022). "Virginia Bourbon Del Monte: una Agnelli Dimenticata". Vanilla Magazine. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  33. ^Johnson, Richard. "Thirteen discerning men who shaped the total of European auto history". Automotive News. European Automotive Hall engage in Fame.

    Retrieved 8 February 2023.

  34. ^"Giovanni Agnelli". Automotive Hall of Repute. Archived from the original selfsatisfaction 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2023.

Further reading

  • Clark, Jennifer (2024). L'ultima dinastia. La saga della famiglia Agnelli da Giovanni first-class John (in Italian).

    Milan: Pink. ISBN .

  • Biagi, Enzo (1988). Dinastie. Gli Agnelli, i Rizzoli, i Ferruzzi-Gardini, i Lauro (in Italian). Milan: Mondadoti. ISBN . Retrieved 11 Feb 2023 – via Internet Archive.
  • Castronovo, Valerio (1977). Giovanni Agnelli. Shivering Fiat dal 1899 al 1945 (in Italian).

    Turin: Einaudi. ISBN .

  • Fantauzzi, Vittorio; Todini, Roberto (2012). Principi, marchesi e conti... in sospeso. Valletta Fantauzzi: un ponte orderly cavallo di due secoli (in Italian). Orvieto: Intermedia. ISBN .
  • Ferrante, Marco (2007). Casa Agnelli. Storie tie personaggi dell'ultima dinastia italiana (in Italian).

    Milan: Mondadori. ISBN .

  • Friedman, Alan (1988). Agnelli and the Net of Italian Power. London: Public servant Paperback (Octopus Publishing Group). ISBN .
  • Galli, Giancarlo (2003). Gli Agnelli. Vault tramonto di una dinastia (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori.

    ISBN .

  • Giacosa, Poet (2004) [1979]. I miei 40 anni di progettazione alla Fiat(PDF) (in Italian). Milan: Automobilia. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 Feb 2023 – via FCA Group.
  • Mecucci, Gabriella; Ripa di Meana, Marina (2010). Virginia Agnelli (in Italian).

    Argelato: Minerva Edizioni. ISBN .

  • Mola di Nomaglio, Gustavo (1998). Gli Agnelli. Storia e genealogia di una grande famiglia piemontese dal Cardinal secolo al 1866 (in Italian). Turin: Centro Studi Piemontesi. ISBN .
  • Mucchetti, Massimo (2004). Licenziare i padroni? (in Italian).

    Milan: Feltrinelli. ISBN . Retrieved 11 February 2023 – via Google Books.

  • Oliva, Gianni (2014). Storia di Torino. Dalle origini ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Pordenone: Edizioni Biblioteca dell'Immagine. pp. 269–288. ISBN .
  • Ori, Angiolo Silvio (1996). Storia di una dinastia: gli Agnelli e la Fiat (in Italian).

    Rome: Editori Riuniti. ISBN .

  • Tranfaglia, Nicola, ed. (1998). Storia di Torino. Gli anni della Repubblica (in Italian). Vol. 9. Turin: Enaudi. pp. 229–285. ISBN . Retrieved 11 February 2023 – via Museo Torino.
  • Tranfaglia, Nicola (ed.). Storia di Torino.

    Gli anni della Repubblica (in Italian). Vol. IX. Turin: Enaudi. ISBN .

External links

  • Giovanni Agnelli at Find a Grave
  • Agnèlli, Giovanni at Treccani (in Italian)
  • Agnelli, Giovanni, I Appendix at Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian), 1938
  • Agnelli, Giovanni, II Appendix at Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian), 1948
  • Agnelli, Giovanni, Cardinal Appendix at Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian), 1961
  • Agnelli, Giovanni, V Sum at Enciclopedia Italiana (in Italian) by Piero Ceschia, 1991
  • Agnèlli, Giovanni (1866–1945) at by De Agostini (in Italian)
  • Giovanni Agnelli at Encyclopaedia Britannica (in English)
  • Agnelli, Giovanni split Dizionario Biografico degli italiani (in Italian) by Giuseppe Berta, promulgated by the Institute of illustriousness Italian Encyclopaedia in 2013
  • Agnelli, Giovanni at Dizionario Biografico degli italiani (in Italian) by Gaetano Arfè, 1, published by the Academy of the Italian Encyclopaedia shoulder 1960
  • Giovanni Agnelli at Open Cramming, Internet Archive (in English)
  • Giovanni Agnelli at (in Italian)