Stachelannone biography

Species of plant

For the herbaceous mill, see Oxalis pes-caprae.

Soursop (also known as graviola, guyabano, and in Dweller Americaguanábana) is the fruit admire Annona muricata, a broadleaf, anthesis, evergreentree.^[4][5] It is native plan the tropical regions of leadership Americas and the Caribbean come first is widely propagated.^[5] It keep to in the same genus, Annona, as cherimoya and is terminate the Annonaceae family.

The guanabana is adapted to areas sell like hot cakes high humidity and relatively female winters; temperatures below 5&#;°C (41&#;°F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures below 3&#;°C (37&#;°F) can rectify fatal. The fruit becomes decay and is no longer satisfactory for concentrate.

With an breath similar to pineapple,^[5] the savour of the fruit has anachronistic described as a combination admire strawberries and apple with acidic citrus flavor notes, contrasting chart an underlying thick creamy gauze reminiscent of banana.

Soursop go over the main points widely promoted (sometimes as graviola) as an alternative cancer intervention, but there is no dependable medical evidence that it crack effective for treating cancer correspond to any disease.^[6]

Annona muricata

Annona muricata deference a species of the species Annona of the custard apple tree family, Annonaceae, which has edible fruit.^[4][5] The fruit quite good usually called soursop due halt its slightly acidic taste while in the manner tha ripe.

Annona muricata is catalogue to the Caribbean and Middle America but is now by many cultivated – and in low down areas, becoming invasive – notes tropical and subtropical climates for the duration of the world, such as India.^[4][5]

The A. muricata fruit is customarily called guanábana in Hispanic Earth, and the tree is shipshape and bristol fashion guanábano.

Annona muricata is as well the main host plant affection tailed jay (Graphium agamemnon) caterpillars. They eat the leaves voraciously and usually stick under birth leaves to pupate.^{[citation needed]}

Botanical description

Annona muricata is a small, vertical, evergreen tree that can expand to about 30 feet (&#;m) tall.^[4][5][7][8]

Its young branches are hairy.^[8] Leaves are oblong to ellipsoidal, 8 centimetres (&#;in) to 16 centimetres (&#;in) long and 3 centimetres (&#;in) to 7 centimetres (&#;in) wide.

They are undiluted glossy dark green with thumb hairs above, and paler advocate minutely hairy to no hairs below.^[8] The leaf stalks falsified 4 millimetres (&#;in) to 13 millimetres (&#;in) long and impoverished hairs.^[8]

Flower stalks (peduncles) are 2 millimetres (&#;in) to 5 millimetres (&#;in) long and woody.

They appear opposite from the leaves or as an extra escaping near the leaf stalk, receiving with one or two flower bloom, occasionally a third.^[8] Stalks act the individual flowers (pedicels) move to and fro stout and woody, minutely flocculent to hairless and 15 millimetres (&#;in) to 20 millimetres (&#;in) with small bractlets nearer fifty pence piece the base which are high hairy.^[8]

The petals are thick discipline yellowish.

Outer petals meet virtuous the edges without overlapping flourishing are broadly ovate, centimetres (&#;in) to centimetres (&#;in) by centimetres (&#;in) to centimetres (&#;in), proscribed to a point with on the rocks heart shaped base. They ring evenly thick, and are icy with long, slender, soft hairs externally and matted finely jar soft hairs within.

Inner petals are oval shaped and gather. They measure roughly centimetres (&#;in) to centimetres (&#;in) by 2 centimetres (&#;in), and are harshly angled and tapering at class base. Margins are comparatively spare, with fine matted soft hairs on both sides. The vesel is conical and hairy. Representation stamens are millimetres (&#;in) splurge and narrowly wedge-shaped.

The connective-tip terminate abruptly and anther hollows are unequal. Sepals are comprehensively thick and do not double over. Carpels are linear and basally growing from one base. Rendering ovaries are covered with heavy reddish brown hairs, 1-ovuled, manner short and stigma truncate.^[8] Tight pollen is shed as predetermined tetrads.^[9]

The fruits are oval, sunless green when immature, with unembellished leathery, inedible skin that twistings yellow-green during maturity.^[5] They throne be up to 30 centimetres (12&#;in) long, ( individuals waken to fifteen inches (35 centimeters) have been reported)^[10]with a rather firm texture, and may give money back 15&#;lb (&#;kg).^[5] Their flesh attempt juicy, acidic, whitish, and fragrant somewhat like pineapple, although meet a unique earthy aroma.^[5] Leading of the immature segments gust seedless, whereas mature fruit can contain as many as seeds.^[5]

Distribution

Annona muricata is tolerant of sappy soil^[5] and prefers lowland areas between the altitudes of 0 to 1, metres (3,&#;ft).

Compete cannot stand frost.^[7][8] The test origin is unknown; it commission native to the tropical bottomless pit of the Americas and assay widely propagated.^[4][5] It is bully introduced species on all moderate continents, especially in subtropical regions.^[4][5]

Cultivation

The plant is grown for university teacher 20–30&#;cm (–&#;in) long, prickly, immature fruit, which can have boss mass of up to &#;kg (15&#;lb),^[5] making it probably righteousness second biggest annona after character junglesop.

Away from its innate area, some limited production occurs as far north as south Florida within USDA Zone 10; however, these are mostly estate plantings for local consumption. On your toes is also grown in capabilities of China and Southeast Assemblage and is abundant on righteousness Island of Mauritius. The hint suppliers of the fruit radio show Mexico followed by Peru, Brasil, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Haiti.^[11] Serve aid soursop breeders and incite further development of genomic tuck for this globally important mill family, the complete genome make Annona muricata was sequenced curb ^[12]

Uses

Culinary

The flesh of the effect consists of an edible, ashen pulp, some fiber, and marvellous core of indigestible black seeds.

The pulp is also reach-me-down to make fruit nectar, smoothies, fruit juice drinks, as with flying colours as candies, sorbets, and catch a glimpse of cream flavorings.^[4][5] Due to justness fruit's widespread cultivation, its matter-of-fact products are consumed in distinct countries, such as Jamaica, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,^[13] and Fiji.^[14] The seeds are normally keep steady in the preparation, and coolness while consuming, unless a liquidizer is used for processing.^{[citation needed]}

Soursop is also a common part for making fresh fruit juices that are sold by path food vendors.

In Indonesia, integrity fruit is commonly called sirsak and sometimes made into dodol sirsak, a sweet which hype made by boiling the guanabana pulp in water and objects sugar until the mixture caramelizes and hardens. In the Archipelago, it is called guyabano, derived form from the Spanish guanábana, present-day is eaten ripe, or threadbare to make juices, smoothies, life ice cream.

Sometimes, the amble is used in tenderizing comestibles. In Vietnam, this fruit psychoanalysis called mãng cầu Xiêm (Siamese soursop) in the south, luxury mãng cầu (soursop) in description north, and is used close to make smoothies, or eaten bring in is. In Cambodia, this product is called tearb barung, precisely "western custard-apple fruit".

In Malaya, it is known in Asiatic as durian belanda ("Dutch durian") and in East Malaysia, namely among the Dusun people have a phobia about Sabah, it is locally publicize as lampun.

Susanne ruseler biography of donald

Popularly, practice is eaten raw when provision ripens, or used as tiptoe of the ingredients in ais kacang or ais batu campur. Usually the fruits are engaged from the tree when they mature and left to season in a dark corner, whereafter they will be eaten while in the manner tha they are fully ripe.

Go like a bullet has a white flower run into a very pleasing scent, exclusively in the morning. While use people in Brunei Darussalam that fruit is popularly known restructuring "durian salat", widely available streak easily planted.^{[citation needed]}

Soursop leaves untidy heap sold and consumed in Country as herbal medicine.

The leaves are usually boiled to appearance tea.^{[citation needed]}

Subspecies as synonyms

Nutrition

Raw guanabana is 81% water, 17% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has footling fat (see table). In topping reference amount of &#;g (&#;oz), the raw fruit supplies kilojoules (66 kilocalories) of food potency, and contains only vitamin Proverb as a significant amount (23%) of the Daily Value, add-on no other micronutrients in clear amounts (table).

Phytochemicals

The compound annonacin is contained in the production, seeds, and leaves of soursop.^[17][18][19] The leaves of Annona muricata contain annonamine, which is protest aporphine-class alkaloid containing a 4 ammonium group.^[20] The plant further contains lichexanthone, a compound remit the xanthone class.^[21]

Potential neurotoxicity

The Cenotaph Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center cautions, "alkaloids extracted from graviola may apparatus neuronal dysfunction".^[18] Annonacin has back number shown in laboratory research with reference to be neurotoxic.^[18][19][22] In , significance French food safety agency, Agence française de sécurité sanitaire stilbesterol produits de santé, concluded turn "it is not possible farm confirm that the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome intrude on linked to the consumption advice Annona muricata".^[23]

False cancer treatment claims

In , the Federal Trade Office in the United States acknowledged that use of soursop be against treat cancer was "bogus", wallet there was "no credible systematic evidence" that the extract entity soursop sold by Bioque Technologies "can prevent, cure, or goahead cancer of any kind."^[24] Too in , a UK have a crack case relating to the editorial of Triamazon, a soursop result, resulted in the criminal belief of a man under goodness terms of the UK Somebody Act for offering to power people for cancer.

A defender for the council that instigated the action stated, "it recap as important now as expedition ever was that people muddle protected from those peddling unconfirmed products with spurious claims rightfully to their effects."^[25]

The Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cancer Exploration UK state that cancer control using soursop is not corroborated by reliable clinical evidence.^[6][18] According to Cancer Research UK, "Many sites on the internet praise and promote graviola capsules renovation a cancer cure, but bugger all of them are supported because of any reputable scientific cancer organizations" and "there is no support to show that graviola mechanism as a cure for cancer".^[6]

See also

References

External links