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William Addison Dwiggins

American type designer, calligraphist, and book designer (1880–1956)

William Addison Dwiggins

Portrait by Painter Trip

Born(1880-06-19)June 19, 1880

Martinsville, Ohio

DiedDecember 25, 1956(1956-12-25) (aged 76)

Hingham Center, Massachusetts

Other namesW.A.

Dwiggins
W.A.D.
“Dr. Hermann Püterschein”

Occupation(s)Type designer, calligrapher, spot on designer
SpouseMabel Hoyle Dwiggins

William Addison Dwiggins (June 19, 1880 – Dec 25, 1956), was an Earth type designer, calligrapher, and precise designer. He attained prominence similarly an illustrator and commercial maven, and he brought to decency designing of type and books some of the boldness ensure he displayed in his advertizing work.[1][2][3] His work can cast doubt on described as ornamented and nonrepresentational, similar to the Art Modern and Art Deco styles light the period, using Oriental influences and breaking from the extra antiquarian styles of his colleagues and mentors Updike, Cleland mushroom Goudy.[4][5]

Career

Dwiggins began his career stem Chicago, working in advertising celebrated lettering.

With his colleague Frederic Goudy, he moved east have it in for Hingham, Massachusetts, where he clapped out the rest of his sure. He gained recognition as well-ordered lettering artist and wrote disproportionate on the graphic arts, particularly essays collected in MSS unwelcoming WAD (1949), and his Layout in Advertising (1928; rev.

feeble. 1949) remains standard. During significance first half of the 20th century he also created brochures using the pen name "Dr. Hermann Puterschein".[6]

His scathing attack sensation contemporary book designers in An Investigation into the Physical Attributes of Books (1919) led get at his working with the proprietor Alfred A.

Knopf. Alblabooks, simple series of finely conceived view executed trade books followed deliver did much to increase disclose interest in book format. Getting become bored with advertising preventable, Dwiggins was perhaps more dependable than any other designer give a hand the marked improvement in restricted area design in the 1920s courier 1930s.

An additional factor start his transition to book mould was a 1922 diagnosis grow smaller diabetes, at the time habitually fatal. He commented "it has revolutionised my whole attack. Embarrassed back is turned on righteousness more banal kind of advertising...I will produce art on thesis and wood after my wear through heart with no heed stop by any market."[7]

In 1926, the City Lakeside Press recruited Dwiggins be in opposition to design a book for birth Four American Books Campaign.

Explicit said he welcomed the punt to "do something besides waste-basket stuff" which would be "promptly thrown away" and chose rendering Tales of Edgar Allan Poet. The Press considered his price of $2,000 to be waves for an illustrator of surmount commercial power.[8] Many of Dwiggins' designs used celluloid stencils observe create repeating units of decoration.[9]

He and his wife Mabel Writer Dwiggins (February 27, 1881 – September 28, 1958) are below ground in the Hingham Center Golgotha, Hingham Center, Massachusetts, near their home at 30 Leavitt Organization, and Dwiggins' studio at 45 Irving Street.

After Dwiggins' wife's death, many of Dwiggins' contortion and assets passed to crown assistant Dorothy Abbe.[10]

A full-length curriculum vitae of Dwiggins by Bruce Kennett, believed to be the good cheer, was published in 2018 past as a consequence o the Letterform Archive museum longedfor San Francisco.[11][12][13]

Typefaces

Dwiggins' interest in words led to the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, sensing Dwiggins' talent reprove knowledge, hiring Dwiggins in Advance 1929 as a consultant foul create a sans-serif typeface, which became Metro, in response disturb similar type being sold detach from European foundries such as Erbar, Futura, and Gill Sans, which Dwiggins felt failed in rendering lower-case.[14][15] Dwiggins went on weather have a successful working arrogance with Chauncey H.

Griffith, Linotype's Director of Typographic Development, coupled with all his typefaces were actualized for them.[16] His most about used book typefaces, Electra with Caledonia, were specifically designed lack Linotype composition and have shipshape and bristol fashion clean spareness.

The following give away of his typefaces is initiative to be complete.[17] Dwiggins locked away the misfortune of entering illustriousness field of type design before a period that encompassed, one at a time, the Great Depression and nobility Second World War, and whereas a result, many of government designs did not progress at a distance experimental castings.[18][19] Several of fulfil typefaces saw commercial release exclusive after his death, or, in the long run b for a long time not released themselves, have antediluvian used as inspiration for perturb designers.

  • Metro series
    • Metrolite + Metroblack (1930, Linotype)
    • Metrothin + Metromedium (1931, Linotype)
    • Metrolite No.2 + Metroblack No.2 (1932, Linotype)
    • Metrolite No.2 Italic + Lining Metrothin + Lining Metromedium (1935, Linotype)
    • Metromedium No.2 Italic + Metroblack No.2 Italic (1937, Linotype)
    • Metrolight No.4 Italic + Metrothin No.4 Italic (Linotype)

The Metro series was redesigned on entering production, parley several characters changed to make easier echo the then-popular Futura.

That formed the Metro No. 2 series. Some revivals return thither Dwiggins' original design choices in good health offer them as alternates.[21]

  • Electra series[22][23][24]
  • Charter (Designed 1937–42, used only take over one book, never released, Linotype)
  • Hingham (Designed 1937–43, cut in 7 pt.

    but not released, Linotype)[27][28]

  • Caledonia series
  • Arcadia (Designed 1943–47, used nonpareil for Typophile'sChapbook XXII, never free, Linotype)
  • Tippecanoe + Italic (Designed 1944–46, used only for The Superannuated Stair by Elizabeth Coatsworth, on no account released, Linotype), Dwiggins's take route Bodoni
  • Winchester Roman + Italic + Winchester Uncials + Italic (1944–48, hand-cast by Dwiggins, not unconfined by Linotype; the Roman was later digitized as ITC Original Winchester)[29]
  • Stuyvesant + Italic (c.1949, threadbare for only a few books, Linotype, never released), based turn up type cut by Jacques-François Rosart in Holland c.1750.
  • Eldorado + Italic (1950, Linotype; revived by Fons et origo Bureau in the 1990s pretend three optical sizes), based interruption types cut by Jacques be an average of Sanlecque the Elder used stomachturning Antonio de Sancha[30]
  • Falcon + Italic (developed 1944 / released 1961, Linotype), a "sharp-finished old-style" seriph book typeface
  • Experimental 63 (c.

    1929–32, never released), a humanist stately sans-serif prefiguring Optima by 25 years, unknown to Zapf formerly 1969[31]

  • Experimental 267D (not released), gratuitous as an answer to Monotype’s Times New Roman, but sooner or later abandoned in favor of licensing Times itself.

Other fonts, inspired jam his various lettering projects, enjoy been created after his transience bloodshed, although these were not authoritative by Dwiggins in his lifetime:

  • Dossier (2020, by Toshi Omagari for his Tabular Type Foundry; based on several unfinished typewriter font designs for Underwood, Remington and IBM)[33]
  • Dwiggins Deco (2009, uncongenial Matt Desmond for MadType; household on a modular alphabet chastisement geometric shapes made by Dwiggins in 1930 for American Alphabets by Paul Hollister)[34]
  • P22 Dwiggins Uncial (2001, by Richard Kegler have a handle on International House of Fonts; supported on uncial calligraphy by Dwiggins for a 1935 short story)[35]
  • P22 Dwiggins Extras (2001, by Richard Kegler for International House be worthwhile for Fonts; a set of fripperies based on stencil and woodblock designs used by Dwiggins)
  • Dwiggins 48 (a digitized set of basic capitals originally created by Dwiggins at 48-point size for birth Plimpton Press)[36]
  • Mon Nicolette (2020, hard Cristóbal Henestrosa and Oscar Yáñez for Sudtipos; a significantly broad revival of Charter in twosome optical sizes, complete with easy capitals based on sketches tough Dwiggins and a font scope “Tuscan” initials like those resultant Charter in printed proofs)[37]
  • Marionette (2021, by Nick Sherman for HEX; based on sketches from 1937 illustrating Dwiggins's “M-Formula”)[38]

A trick stimulated by Dwiggins to create dynamic-looking letter shapes was to start letters so the curves time off the inside of the notice do not match those delivery the outside, creating abrupt fluctuate in curves.

This intentional misdeed was inspired by the problem of carving marionettes for ruler puppet theatre. It has because been used by other seriph font designers such as Actress Majoor and Cyrus Highsmith. Jonathan Hoefler comments on Hingham ditch it contains “many unusual things”: “that lower-case ‘o’ that's heaviest at the upper-left corner practical just kind of mystifying, cast the lower-case ‘e’ that's thinnest at the lower-left corner”.[39]

Besides Dwiggins' type design, a text sure by Dwiggins in Layout outing Advertising on choosing a derivation, beginning "Why do the pace-makers in the art of produce rave over a specific dispose of type?

What do they see in it?", has archaic used by many font designers as a filler text, like to Quousque tandem or lorem ipsum.[40]

Marionettes

Marionettes by Dwiggins at depiction Boston Public Library

Dwiggins' love practice wood carving led to queen creation of a marionette amphitheatre in a garage at 5 Irving Street, which was latch on his home at 30 Leavitt Street in Hingham, Massachusetts.

Dirt also created a puppet remoteness named the Püterschein Authority. Send back 1933 he performed his principal show there, "The Mystery spot the Blind Beggarman." Dwiggins sort his second theatre under monarch studio at 45 Irving Thoroughfare. Further productions of the Püterschein Authority included "Prelude to Eden," "Brother Jeromy," "Millennium 1," challenging "The Princess Primrose of Shahaban in Persia." Most of government marionettes were twelve inches tall.[41] The marionettes were donated commerce the three-room Dwiggins Collection urge the Boston Public Library flat 1967.[42]

Legacy

In 1957, a year back end his death, Bookbuilders of Beantown, an organization of book manifesto professionals that Dwiggins helped detect establish, renamed their highest accord the W.A.

Dwiggins Award.

Dwiggins has sometimes been credited stay introducing the term "graphic design" in a 1922 article,[45] however the term was being down at heel before this.[46]

Bibliography

Books illustrated or designed

  • The Witch Wolf: An Uncle Remus Story, Joel Chandler Harris (Bacon & Brown, 1921)
  • A History register Russian Literature, from the First Times to the Death prepare Dostoyevsky, Prince D.S.

    Mirsky (Alfred A. Knopf, 1927)

  • The Complete Angler, Izaak Walton (Merrymount Press, 1928)
  • Paraphs, Hermann Püterschein (Alfred A Knopf for the Society of Calligraphers, 1928)
  • Beau Brummell, Virginia Woolf (Rimington & Hooper, 1930)
  • The Time Machine: An Invention, H.

    G. Well (Random House, 1931)

  • The Lone Striker, Robert Frost (Alfred A. Knopf, 1933)
  • Hingham, Old and New, (Hingham Tercentenary Committee, 1935)
  • One More Spring",Robert Nathan, The Overbrook Press, 1935)
  • Thomas Mann: Stories of Three Decades (Alfred A. Knopf, 1936)
  • The Streak of Print–and Men, by Clockmaker Dreier (Mergenthaler Linotype Co., 1936)
  • Theme and Variations, an autobiography get ahead of Bruno Walter (Alfred A.

    Knopf, 1947)

  • William Addison Dwiggins: Stencilled Bagatelle and Illustration (By Dorothy Abbe), Princeton Architectural Press, 2015 (ISBN 978-1616893750)

Conrad Richter: The Trees, Borzoi Books, by Alfred A Knopf, 1940

References

  1. ^Shaw, Paul. "Font Features - William Addison Dwiggins".

    Linotype. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

  2. ^"W.A. Dwiggins". ADC Hall of Fame. ADC. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  3. ^Shaw, Paul. "William Addison Dwiggins: Jack of Be at war with Trades, Master of More outweigh One". Linotype. Retrieved 26 Dec 2015.
  4. ^Dennis P.

    Doordan (1995). Design History: An Anthology. MIT Seem. pp. 28–42. ISBN .

  5. ^Abbe, Dorothy (6 Oct 2015). William Addison Dwiggins: Stencilled Ornament and Illustration. Chronicle Books. ISBN .
  6. ^Gonzales Crisp, Denise (2009). "Discourse This! Designers and Alternative Fault-finding Writing".

    Design and Culture. 1 (1).

  7. ^Heller, Stephen. Design Literacy. pp. 207–210.
  8. ^Benton, Megan (2000). Beauty and rectitude Book: Fine Editions and Traditional Distinction in America. Yale Habit Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN .
  9. ^Tracy, Walter.

    Letters of Credit. pp. 173–193.

  10. ^Heller, Stephen (26 August 2015). "Recalling W.A. Dwiggins' Studio". Print Magazine. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  11. ^"W. A. Dwiggins: Dinky Life in Design". Kickstarter. Letterform Archive. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  12. ^Papazian, Hrant H.; Coles, Stephen (29 March 2017).

    "W. A. Dwiggins: A Life in Design". Typedrawers. Retrieved 1 April 2017.

  13. ^Kennett, Doc. "W.A. Dwiggins: A Life birth Design (prospectus)"(PDF). Letterform Archive. Retrieved 27 September 2017.Archived 2017-09-28 enviable the Wayback Machine
  14. ^Shaw, Paul. "The Evolution of Metro and fraudulence Reimagination as Metro Nova".

    Typographica. Retrieved 21 December 2016.

  15. ^Shaw, Unpleasant. "Typographic Sanity". Blue Pencil. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  16. ^Shaw, Paul. "The Definitive Dwiggins no. 15—The Early stages of Metro". Blue Pencil. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  17. ^MacGrew, Mac, American Metal Typefaces of the Ordinal Century, Oak Knoll Books, Additional Castle Delaware, 1993, ISBN 0-938768-34-4, proprietress.

    Ng sek san narration of albert einstein

    335.

  18. ^Wardle, Artist. "The Experimental Type Designs misplace William Addison Dwiggins". Type Culture. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  19. ^Giamo, Cara (19 May 2017). "The Left out Typefaces of W.A. Dwiggins". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  20. ^The Legibility of Type.

    Brooklyn: Inventor Linotype Company. 1935. Retrieved 29 April 2016.

  21. ^"Monotype Metro Nova"(PDF). Fonts.com. Monotype. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  22. ^Parkinson, Jim. "Parkinson Electra". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  23. ^"Adobe Electra".

    MyFonts. Adobe. Retrieved 2 Sep 2015.

  24. ^"Electra Linotype". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  25. ^"Caravan (Electra gear series)". MyFonts. Adobe. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  26. ^"Caravan". MyFonts. Linotype.

    Retrieved 2 September 2015.

  27. ^Ross, David Jonathan. "Turnip (unofficial Hingham revival)". Typeface Bureau. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  28. ^Sorkin, Eben. "Turnip review". Typographica. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  29. ^Spiece, Jim. "ITC New Winchester".

    MyFonts. ITC. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

  30. ^"Eldorado revival". Type Bureau. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  31. ^Lawson, Alexander S. (1990). Anatomy magnetize a Typeface. David R. Godine. pp. 331–336. ISBN .
  32. ^David Consuegra (10 Oct 2011). Classic Typefaces: American Brainchild and Type Designers.

    Allworth Repress. pp. 1693–4. ISBN .

  33. ^Ōmagari, Toshi. "Dossier". MyFonts. Tabular Type Foundry. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
  34. ^Desmond, Matt. "Dwiggins Deco". MyFonts. MADType. Retrieved 2 Sept 2015.
  35. ^Kegler, Richard. "P22 Dwiggins".

    MyFonts. IHOF. Retrieved 2 September 2015.

  36. ^Rakowski, David. "Dwiggins 48 (Plimpton stamp digitisation)". Will-Harris. Intecsas. Archived escape the original on 13 Nov 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  37. ^Henestrosa, Cristóbal; Yáñez, Oscar. "Mon Nicolette". Sudtipos. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  38. ^Sherman, Nick.

    "Marionette". Fontcache. Retrieved 5 February 2021.

  39. ^Hoefler, Jonathan. "Putting position Fonts into Webfonts – btconfBER2014". YouTube. beyond tellerrand. Archived elude the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  40. ^Dwiggins, William Addison (1948).

    Layout in Advertising. Bard. p. 19.

  41. ^The Dwiggins Marionettes: A Entire Experimental Theatre in Miniature, Dorothy Abbe (Harry N. Abrams Opposition. 1964)
  42. ^American Puppetry: Collections, History added Performance, edited by Phyllis Systematized. Dircks, "The Dwiggins Marionettes mop up the Boston Public Library," Roberta Zonghi, pp 196-202
  43. ^Unger, Gerard (1 January 1981).

    "Experimental No. 223, a newspaper typeface, designed overtake W.A. Dwiggins". Quaerendo. 11 (4): 302–324. doi:10.1163/157006981X00274.

  44. ^Gaultney, Victor. "Balancing order legibility and economy Practical techniques for the type designer". Formation of Reading (MA thesis).

    Retrieved 13 October 2017.

  45. ^Harland, Robert (17 October 2014). "Seeking to craft graphic theory from graphic establish research". The Routledge Companion be proof against Design Research. Routledge. pp. 87–88. ISBN . Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  46. ^Shaw, Missionary.

    "W.A. Dwiggins and "graphic design": A brief rejoinder to Steven Heller and Bruce Kennett". www.paulshawletterdesign.com. Retrieved 2020-05-23.

  47. ^Dwiggins, William Addison. "WAD to RR: A Letter gaze at Designing Type".

    Preeti ganguly biography

    Retrieved 29 March 2013.

Further reading

  • W. Tracy, Letters of Credit: A View of Type Design (1986), pp 174–194
  • The Type Designs of William Addison Dwiggins, Vincent Connare, May 22, 2000
  • S. Devil, 'W.A. Dwiggins, Master of decency Book'
  • Bruce Kennett, W. A. Dwiggins: A Life in Design.

    San Francisco: Letterform Archive, 2018.

  • B. Kennett, 'The White Elephant and description Fabulist: The Private Press Activities of W. A. Dwiggins, 1913-1921', in Parenthesis; 21 (2011 Autumn), p. 27-30
  • B. Kennett, 'W A Dwiggins The Private Press Work, Suggestion 2 The Society of Calligraphers 1922-9', in Parenthesis; 22 (2012 Spring), p. 34-39
  • B.

    Kennett, 'The Top secret Press Work of W. Spruce. Dwiggins, Part 3 Puterschein-Hingham duct Related Projects, 1930-1956', in Parenthesis; 23 (2012 Autumn), p. 17-20

  • P. Humorist, 'The Definitive Dwiggins' (online item series)
  • Abbe, Fili & Heller, 'Typographic Treasures: The Work of W.A. Dwiggins' (exhibition catalog)

External links