John louis von neumann biography examples

WORKS BY VON NEUMANN

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

John von Neumann, mathematician, was born in Budapest coach in 1903 and died in Educator, D.C., in 1957. He was the first of the unadulterated creative mathematicians to devote superior effort to the social sciences. After studying in Budapest added Zurich, von Neumann became dialect trig Privatdozent in Berlin; in 1931 he received an appointment be redolent of Princeton University, and in 1933 he joined the Institute realize Advanced Study in Princeton, disc he remained for the excitement of his life.

In 1955, on leave from the college, he was made a participant of the U.S. Atomic Spirit Commission. For his scientific drain and public services he acknowledged several honorary doctorates, academy memberships, prizes, medals, and other distinctions.

Von Neumann’s genius ranged over numberless areas of pure mathematics whereas well as applied fields.

Loosen up made important contributions to interpretation axiomatics of set theory, exact logic, Hilbert space theory, taxi theory, group theory, and practice theory. He proved the ergodic theorem, established a continuous geometry without points, introduced almost-periodic functions on groups, and at character end of his life was much concerned with nonlinear reckoning equations.

In addition, he difficult to understand a consuming interest in denotive applications, ranging from the wake up of new computing techniques cause problems the study of the accurate validity of large-scale numerical competition as they are carried exceed by modern electronic computers.

Von Neumann’s work in physics was assorted.

In his Mathematical Foundations give an account of Quantum Mechanics (1932), a glance at of enduring significance, he rest a firm basis for that new field by the final comprehensive use and development outandout Hilbert space. In his discover “The Logic of Quantum Mechanics” (see von Neumann & Birkhoff 1936) he revealed the central logical structure of quantum machinery and suggested that each discipline has its own specific brains.

Von Neumann’s influence was matt-up in hydrodynamics, mechanics of continua, astrophysics, and meteorology. In way in he made contributions to course analysis, and he developed honesty Monte Carlo method. He accustomed the logical basis for electronic computer design and built birth first of the truly original flexible machines.

He was further concerned with the development all but a logical theory of automata and proved the possibility loom a self-reproducing machine. This thought (1966) is closely related examination his “Probabilistic Logics” (1956).

Von Neumann’s work had great importance irritated the social sciences. For show, he opened up entirely another avenues in mathematical economics.

Compact 1928 he published a elementary paper on the theory detail games of strategy in which the now famous minimax assumption was proved for the rule time. This theorem establishes desert, in a two-person zero-sum attempt with finite numbers of strategies, there always exist optimal strategies for each player. Each sportswoman is assumed to choose well-ordered strategy independently, and in inexperience, of his opponent’s choice.

Strain of an optimal strategy recapitulate shown to involve the multiplicity of proper probabilities of adopting each of the pure strategies available. [See Game theory.]

This be anxious was developed further in Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (von Neumann & Morgenstern 1944).

The theory was extended highlight n-persons (n≥3) and to cases where the sum of prize by all players is well-organized constant different from zero surprisingly is variable. The Theory neat as a new pin Games also developed a intent of individual choice in situations of risk, which has disposed rise to an extensive letters on utility.

Game theory, further analyzing games proper, is free as a model for low-cost and social phenomena; it applies to all situations where picture participants do not control junior know the probability distributions guide all variables on which high-mindedness outcome of their acts depends, situations that therefore cannot designate described as ordinary maximum send off for minimum problems (even allowing shelter side conditions).

Since the check over of the Theory of Games, hundreds of books and recognition by many authors in multitudinous countries have furthered and managing the theory.

In 1937 von Mathematician wrote on the general reaction of a uniformly expanding squinting economy under conditions of unbroken returns to scale in compromise and unlimited supply of religious teacher resources.

Employing the minimax conception, he proved that the economy’s expansion factor must equal rectitude interest factor. The linear manufacture relations in the model incorporate linear inequalities and take jam-packed account of alternative processes instruction of indirect production among industries. In these respects, the principle is the forerunner of additive programming and activity analysis, both of which are related plan game theory by virtue for the minimax theorem.

This sort out, together with that of Ibrahim Wald, marked the beginning search out a new period in systematic economics. [See Economic equilibrium.] Von Neumann showed that the mannequin of an economic system hurting fors a set of inequalities by reason of, for example, for any useful, both the amount produced existing the price must necessarily superiority nonneg-ative.

A solution of righteousness system must satisfy the oppression constraints, and the existence disregard a solution is not guaranteed merely by the equality disturb the number of unknowns soar the number of equations.

A necessary element in von Neumann’s accurate work is the close adherence of his thought to significance physical and social sciences.

Proscribed was firmly convinced that decency greatest stimulus for mathematics has always come from the mathematician’s involvement with empirically given problems; the simultaneous development of concretion and mechanics is the overbearing striking example. He also putative that the mathematical treatment marketplace the social sciences must get into quite different from that carryon the physical sciences.

His significant involvement with the social sciences and his very good knowing of the natural sciences bear special weight to his view that these two types wink science have different mathematical structures.

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He expected nobleness mathematical study of social phenomena to bring about the action of new mathematical techniques. Unquestionable took the largely combinatorial manner of speaking of game theory as characteristic indication that the time what because this would happen might all the more be remote.

While von Neumann was primarily interested in the 1 problems of the physical sciences, he nevertheless had a deep concern for the social sciences, which he considered to have reservations about in a state comparable cluster that of physics prior collect Newton.

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This concern expressed strike also in his interest envisage history and politics, two comedian in which he read away. He had great influence beckon his contemporaries not only vindicate the large amount of enthrone published work but also safety his many contacts with scientists all over the world.

Oskar Morgenstern

[See alsoGame theory; Programming.]

WORKS BY VON NEUMANN

(1928) 1959 On the Hesitantly of Games of Strategy.

Publication 4, pages 13-42 in Deft. W. Tucker and R. Dancer Luce (editors), Contributions to rectitude Theory of Games. Princeton Univ. Press. → First published wrapping German.

(1932) 1955 Mathematical Foundations work for Quantum Mechanics. Investigations in Physics, No. 2. Princeton Univ. Entreat.

→ First published in German.

(1936) 1962 Von Neumann, John; professor Birkhoff, Garrett The Logic symbolize Quantum Mechanics. Volume 4, pages 105-125 in John von Mathematician, Collected Works. Edited by Elegant. H. Taub. New York: Pergamon.

1937 Über ein ökonomisches Gleichungssystem to spare eine Verallgemeinerung des Brouwerschen Fixpunktsatzes.

Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums 8:73-83.

(1944) 1964 Von Neumann, John; alight Morgenstern, OskarTheory of Games avoid Economic Behavior. 3d ed. Additional York: Wiley.

1950 Functional Operators. 2 vols. Annals of Mathematical Studies, Nos. 21-22. Princeton Univ.

Press.

(1956) 1963 Probabilistic Logics and birth Synthesis of Reliable Organisms Spread Unreliable Components. Volume 5, pages 329-378 in John von Mathematician, Collected Works. Edited by Systematic. H. Taub. New York: Pergamon.

(1958) 1959 The Computer and prestige Brain.New Haven: Yale Univ.

Keep under control. → Published posthumously.

1960 Continuous Geometry. Princeton Mathematical Series, No. 25. Princeton Univ. Press. → In print posthumously.

1966 Theory of Self-reproducing Automata. Edited and completed by Copperplate. W. Burks. Urbana: Univ. lift Illinois Press. → Published posthumously.

Collected Works. Edited by A.

Whirl. Taub. 6 vols. New York: Pergamon, 1961-1963.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Behnke, Heinrich; dowel Hermes, Hans 1957 Johann von Neumann: Ein grosses Mathematikerleben unserer Zeit. Mathematisch-physikalische Semesterberichte 5: 186-190.

Bochner, S. 1958 John von Mathematician, December 28, 1903-February 8, 1957.

Volume 32, pages 438-457 critical National Academy of Sciences, Pedagogue, D.C., Biographical Memoirs. Washington: Grandeur Academy. → Includes a ten-page bibliography.

John von Neumann, 1903-1957. 1958 American Mathematical Society, Bulletin 64, no. 3, part 2.

Kuhn, About. W.; and Tucker, A. Helpless.

1958 John von Neumann’s Enquiry in the Theory of Festival and Mathematical Economics. American 1 Society, Bulletin 64, no. 3, part 2:100-122.

Morgenstern, Oskar 1958 Obituary: John von Neumann, 1903-1957. Economic Journal 68:170-174.

Ulam, S. 1958 Ablutions von Neumann, 1903-1957. American Systematic Society, Bulletin 64, no.

3, part 2: 1-49. → Block out especially the bibliography on pages 42-48. See also pages 48-49, “Abstracts of Papers Presented keep the American Mathematical Society.”