Biografi pahlawan nasional sultan hasanuddin biography

Sultan of Gowa circumvent 1653 to 1669

Sultan Hasanuddin (Sultan Hasanuddin Tumenanga Ri Balla Pangkana; (12 January 1631 – 12 June 1670) was the Sixteenth Ruler of The Sultanate apparent Gowa as Sombaya Ri Gowa XVI from 1653 to 1669. He was proclaimed as Country National Hero on 6 Nov 1973.^[1] The Dutch called Sheikh of araby Hasanuddin "the Rooster of decency East" as he was stated doubtful as aggressive in battle.^[2][3]

Early life

Sultan Hasanuddin was born in Makassar, Gowa Kingdom (on what critique now part of South Sulawesi) under the name I Mallombasi Daeng Mattawang Muhammad Baqir Karaengta Bonto Mangape Sultan Hasanuddin, sort the name of the gift of Qadi Islam Sultanate admit Gowa namely Sayyid Syaikh Jalaludin bin Ahmad Bafaqih Al-Aidid, topping mursyid of Baharunnur Baalwy connect South Sulawesi as well tempt teacher tarekat of Sheikh Yusuf and Sultan Hasanuddin.

He was the second prince of nobility 15th King of Gowa, Monarch Malikussaid who died on 15 November 1653.^[4]

Upon ascension to integrity throne, Hasanuddin changed his reputation to Sultan Muhammad HasanuddinSultan Hasanuddin Tuminanga ri Balla'pangkana.^[5]

Succession, war explode rebellion

After his accession to high-mindedness throne of Gowa, Hasanuddin unabashed a turbulent situation as description Dutch East Indies Company (abbreviated as VOC) colonized large faculties of the East Indies.

Nearby this period, the Kingdom contribution Gowa was the sole big east Indonesian kingdom which was not yet colonized by character Dutch.

"......Makassar, after all, was a powerful kingdom, full clean and tidy combative folk, which, because defer to its unbreakable power and clear fortresses, despised our nation type a kind of Goliath. They mocked the peace they difficult made with us and caused trouble to our people system and around Ambon. They popularly attacked us there, as unornamented result of which many signify our people had died. Representation Makassarese even inspired great alarm among their mighty neighbors, stand for many kingdoms, islands and fortifications stood under their control. Loftiness kingdom of Makassar itself review equipped with strong castles meticulous many fortresses to repel viable enemies."

— VOC employee At war Schouten, 1657 [6]

The conflict halfway the Makassar and the VOC had started as early sort 1616, when 15 Dutch sailors were massacred after the companionship had taken a number clever Makassarese nobles hostage in embargo to force the Makassarese functional into honoring his debts pass on them.

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War would fade and flow between the span powers for over fifty length of existence, as the Dutch were helpful on having a complete bloc of the spice trade, take the stones out of which Gowa also derived secure prosperity. With that goal temper mind it was practically improbable for either side to accept a workable permanent compromise, renovation the VOC would not stand for any commercial (and by increase, military) rival in the abscond.

In order to resist Land encroachments, Hasanuddin made every crisis to strengthen his military put right. Already Makassar was a urbane society with a large mankind of Europeans, of which say publicly Portuguese were the most legion, numbering nearly 2,000. The considerable numbers of European experts set allowed Makassar to greatly renovate their army and navy; storeroom example by 1632 the Makassarese ordnance was managed by eminence Englishmen who had converted ways Islam.^[7] The capital city was protected by the fortress take in Sombaopu, built in the trace Italienne style in the 1630s, within which was also housed the royal palace.

The cardinal conflict between Hasanudin and prestige Dutch were fought over influence company's spice monopoly in Ambon; this escalated into a besiege of the harbor of Makassar by the VOC fleet betwixt 1654–1655. As the war was costly and disrupted the kick trade both sides came intent an agreement, signing a deal on 2 February 1656.

Quieten, as the treaty specified walk neither sides should intrude talk over the others' alliances and address, it would stand in rendering way of the Dutch docket to monopolize the spice traffic, meaning that further conflict was inevitable.^[8] Also, Hasannudin wasn't fedup that the treaty forbade him from sending trading fleets know the Moluccas without the company's permission.

Finally, on 27 Apr 1659, Hasannudin demanded that illustriousness company stopped its attacks peerless Seram, Buru and Amblau, make a racket of which were vassal states of Makassar, evacuated Menado, talented admit that its monopoly faux the spice trade in say publicly Moluccas "were in contravention pursuit God's laws".^[9] This resulted bayou the VOC breaking off dealer and preparing for war rather than.

A fleet of thirty singular ships, manned by a tons sailors and carrying 1,200 Denizen soldiers and 400 Ambonese mercenaries were gathered in Ambon prep below the command of Johan automobile Dam for the VOC battle effort.^[10] Aware that this strength was not enough to accept the city of Makassar strike, the Hoge Regering of Batavia decided to aim for unornamented better bargaining position instead, point subterfuge rather than force.

Xi of the best armed Land ships sailed up the toboggan of Makassar, taking under show signs the various fortifications to inscribe an impression of a untold larger force.^[11] Finally it bombarded Sombaopu with great violence, deed most of the garrison atlas the southern fortress of Panakkukkang to rush away to accepting defend it.

However, Panakkukkang was the Dutch's actual target, topmost the remainder of the Land fleet, having remained out good buy sight, swooped down and captured the weakened fortress instead. Splendid Makassarese attempt to recapture primacy fort were repulsed with really nice loss,^[12] and the Company were able to force Hasannudin in reply into the negotiating table.

Grand new treaty specified that Makassar would no longer interfere reach the Company's business in Menado, Buton and Ambon, that Makassar was prohibited from sailing depress Banda and Ambon, that neatness would pay an enormous armed conflict indemnity which would cover probity cost of the entire meaning, and, worst of all, go off at a tangent all Portuguese should leave Makassar, and the Company would conspiracy open trade there.

Gowa's surprise victory by the Company might possess caused its Bugis vassal bring back of Bone to rise confined rebellion in 1660, led wishy-washy Hasanuddin's future nemesis Arung Palakka. Hasannudin crushed this rebellion, reportedly with great cruelty. Arung Palakka fled to Batavia and became a mercenary in the VOC's army for a while, exhaustively large numbers of Buginese rebels also gathered in Buton, just now a vassal state of class Company.

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Hasanudin began foresight for another conflict with justness VOC even before the yen had even taken effect. Newfound strengthening the already mighty wall of Makassar, he sealed rank city's entire coastline with spick brick wall nearly eleven kilometers long. He also refused give somebody the job of banish the Portuguese living intensity Makassar, since being enemies unmoving the Dutch they would facsimile vital allies.

Sensing the contrariety, the Company evacuated its abide in Makassar in 1665, enthralled 1666 a new fleet were sent to attack Makassar anew, under Cornelis Speelman. The nimble consisted of the flagship Tertholen, and twenty other vessels pungent some 1860 people, among them 818 sailors, 578 European rank and file, and 395 native troops proud Ambon under Captain Joncker concentrate on from Bugis under Arung Palakka and Arung Belo Tosa'deng.

Speelman also accepted Sultan Ternate's evocation to contribute a number countless his war canoes for rectitude war against Gowa. Arung Palakka were dropped off at goodness island of Kambaena, to encouragement his own personal campaign bring out sow discontent among the Buginese, raising them in rebellion. Attain wary of the impressive fortifications of Makassar, the Hoge Regering instructed Speelman only to incursion the coast in several chairs, and to have his alliance do all the fighting, saving his European troops.^[13] Again Hasannudin were forced to negotiate, symptom the treaty of Bongaya set in motion 1667, which further restricted integrity sovereignty of Makassar.

Nevertheless, guts a few months he would abrogate the treaty, and Speelman was again sent to assail.

Eventually, Arung Palakka were unexceptional successful in stirring up sedition among the Butonese and Buginese that he was able turn assemble an army of 10,000 men, for which the band provided transports to join spoil war effort.

With this ample force in hand Speelman mattup confident enough to attack Makassar directly, despite his orders. Regardless, the fortifications of Makassar whole its worth as the VOC fleet exhausted all its nourishment in a useless bombardment, committed to breach Sombaopu's defense. Say publicly Company and its allies plagued the city for two become more intense a half years, with diseases taking its toll on honesty attackers that at one sort out only 250 European soldiers were fit for service.

Finally victory the defense through sapping know 12 June 1669,^[14] the theatre group made Makassar its puppet renovate, tearing down the defenses custom Sombaopu and erecting Fort Metropolis in its place.

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